In fall 2011, the city of Portland purchased 146 acres of forest adjacent to the Lewis & Clark College campus, creating the River View Natural Area (RVNA). At that time, RVNA was heavily invaded by non-native plants. The city removed these species by cutting/herbicide. This action created an opportunity to investigate forest recovery after invasive removal. Will native species return without further management? Or will removal of these species lead to new invasions by non-native plants?